Vsevolod, and Sam: To avoid getting behind on tasks, I organize laptop activities in the form of 'rules' which are important to Vsevolod, and Sam
COMPUTER RULES
1. Laptop is used only when information is organized in the head before you turn it on. Writing out instructions on the piece of paper is good.
2. No random "google surfing" or "youtube surfing". Folow the rule 1.
3. a. No music listening from youtube, unless for previewing which should happen no more then 2-3 times a month.
b. Educational videos, like Khan Academy must be used albeit following rule 1,2
c. General news, a choosen news channels viewed as a chill out time, 3-4 times a week. If the ACADEMIC WORK IS DONE.
d. Guitar: If video equipment is availible, and Vsevolod practices, he will post his guitar work.
4. a. Academic assignments: quizzes are taken online in a quit place, where the consciosness is clear. Vsevolod, and Sam prefer to sit in the library.
b. Lab reports are written in the library, or any other quite place, where the consciosness is clear. I post some of the material in the blog
c. Everything must be done carefully, punctuality is critical. Get the work done on time
d. Papers are written using 4,a,b.
e. Vsevolod, and Sam try to get into reading. Information should be shared as the information is covered.
5. Facebook, and social media - 2-3 times a week with 3-4 posts a week organized ones to share knowledge, products, or interesting news
6. Email: Vsevolod checks the email 2-3 times week. Busy at work.
7. Blogging: 3-4 times a week 5-6 posts, based on our friends, ranging from Sam, to Joe. Read the characters session.
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
Electrolytes Repot; Water and Osmolarity, Clinical Significance of Osmolarity
Vsevolod, and Sam Write a Report
Vsevolod: Fluff: When your consciosness is not clear, you can not sleep even with the relaxation teas. So, here we go I am awake. Need to write a one page report related to Electrolytes. Textbook is availible. Catch up with the clinical chemistry. Calendar is availible. Needs to be organized.
Sam: Proceeding you must organize employment history. Alabama Jobs organized, Oklahoma not organized. RGIS checks are on place.
Vsevolod: I am late with the report. It was not on the calendar. Well, I did not put it there. Dang. So, I must choose easier topic so we can brainstrorm it. Also, I take calendar and put every single Assignment in there. So, that's what the calendars are for. Test on the 18th; case studies on the 13th.
Sam:What is the topic?
Vsevolod: If we choose to describe ionic compounds, too much scrutiny. It is 4.45 am. We have 2 hours. So, I choose: "Water, and Osmolarity, Clinical Significance of Osmolality"
Vsevolod: Pre writing discussion. Diagram illustrating Osmolality of the Intestinal Fluids.
Sam: The osmolarity diagram discussed.
Vsevolod: Osmolality is the concentration of solutes per weight of solvent. The diagramm illustrates what's going on inside the interstitial fluids. Cortex - low osmolarity, Outer Medulla - higher, Inner Medulla - high. Notice particles are transported via different types of transport in the loop. Salt (NaCl) active transport -ENERGY. Water: passive transport - NO ENERGY. Section with a lot of water, and not enough water. Albeit, the water load, and water deficit. Water load begins at lower osmolarity, water deficit begins at higher osmolality. The hormonal regulation connects to hunger, thirst.
AVP hormone gives a sensation of thirst; secretes in the posterior pituitary gland; acts on the cells in the collecting duct. As water is conserved osmolarity decreases, turning off AVP secretion.
One Page Paper Report
Vsevolod: Fluff: When your consciosness is not clear, you can not sleep even with the relaxation teas. So, here we go I am awake. Need to write a one page report related to Electrolytes. Textbook is availible. Catch up with the clinical chemistry. Calendar is availible. Needs to be organized.
Sam: Proceeding you must organize employment history. Alabama Jobs organized, Oklahoma not organized. RGIS checks are on place.
Vsevolod: I am late with the report. It was not on the calendar. Well, I did not put it there. Dang. So, I must choose easier topic so we can brainstrorm it. Also, I take calendar and put every single Assignment in there. So, that's what the calendars are for. Test on the 18th; case studies on the 13th.
Sam:What is the topic?
Vsevolod: If we choose to describe ionic compounds, too much scrutiny. It is 4.45 am. We have 2 hours. So, I choose: "Water, and Osmolarity, Clinical Significance of Osmolality"
Vsevolod: Pre writing discussion. Diagram illustrating Osmolality of the Intestinal Fluids.
Sam: The osmolarity diagram discussed.
Vsevolod: Osmolality is the concentration of solutes per weight of solvent. The diagramm illustrates what's going on inside the interstitial fluids. Cortex - low osmolarity, Outer Medulla - higher, Inner Medulla - high. Notice particles are transported via different types of transport in the loop. Salt (NaCl) active transport -ENERGY. Water: passive transport - NO ENERGY. Section with a lot of water, and not enough water. Albeit, the water load, and water deficit. Water load begins at lower osmolarity, water deficit begins at higher osmolality. The hormonal regulation connects to hunger, thirst.
AVP hormone gives a sensation of thirst; secretes in the posterior pituitary gland; acts on the cells in the collecting duct. As water is conserved osmolarity decreases, turning off AVP secretion.
- Category: Clinical Science
One Page Paper Report
Vsevolod Koudriavtsev
Chapter 15 Report – Water, Osmolality, and Hormonal Regulation
Water is the universal solvent. It is a significant component of a human body. The average water content in men and woman ranges from forty to seventy percent depending on the age, the sex, the weight, and the other factors. Water removes waste, regulates the volume of cells, acts as a solvent, cools the body, and transports the nutrient components. Water plays a significant role in the process known as the osmoregulation. Membranes form two sides based on their permeability characteristics: a side with a higher water concentration, and a side with a higher ions/proteins concentration. Osmoregulation influences the flow of water across the membrane.
Concentration of water and solutes has been studied while taking in the account the physical property of a solution known as the osmolality which takes into the account a concentration of solute, and concentration of solvent as the rate (concentration of the solute/ concentration of the solvent or concentration of the solute/ volume of the solvent). Water load and water deficit provide a different physiological phases based on the osmolality, and the water content. During the water load, osmolality decreases, hormones associated with the water deficit are suppressed. Deficit of water increases osmolality, and activates hormones which may signal thirst.
Understanding the basics described above enables students to discuss a medical conditions associated with the hormonal regulation. The hormone known as the Arginine Vasopressin Hormone plays a role of a thirst activator. Two percent increase/decrease in osmolality activates/shuts off a hormone, which has a life time of 15-20 minutes.
References: Bishop.Michael. 'Clinical Chemistry'. Wolters Kluwer. 2010. New York. 6th edition
Vsevolod: Yes, the report is not perfect, but it is enough for the instructions gave by my instructor. And now I have the concept of osmoregulation, osmolarity, and hormonal regulation in the long term memory.
Sam: Yes.
ORGANIZATIONAL MEMO
Vsevolod:
I organize information based on the categories which may be relevant.
We are interested in a few topics which must be organized, or we will fail. I use informal language. Mistakes are possible. Please correct me. I am open minded. Comrades will post in the same manner as well.
2) Academic things
Notes:
1. Clinical Science
2. Evolutionary Biology/Psychology
3. History of science
4. Unitarian Universalist Religion
2) Empoloyment opportunities
a. companies businesses
b. organizational things
c. products
3) News
a. what is going in the world
4) Random rants
I organize information based on the categories which may be relevant.
We are interested in a few topics which must be organized, or we will fail. I use informal language. Mistakes are possible. Please correct me. I am open minded. Comrades will post in the same manner as well.
2) Academic things
Notes:
1. Clinical Science
2. Evolutionary Biology/Psychology
3. History of science
4. Unitarian Universalist Religion
2) Empoloyment opportunities
a. companies businesses
b. organizational things
c. products
3) News
a. what is going in the world
4) Random rants
Monday, October 10, 2011
Employment History of Vsevolod Alabama; (Sam, and Vsevolod discuss it...)
Vsevolod: my employment history; it is not the best. But it is not the worst. I must make it better. Organize what we have, and think of how to improve the situation.
1. Vsevolod: This is my employment history. It is not perfect. I will see how I can update it.
I put 5 jobs in the resume. 2 Oklahoma Jobs; 3 Alabama Jobs.
Sam: For Alabama Jobs, you must politely send email to Dr. Sarkissov, and Tamara Lang and ask them to give me a decent reference. You MUST SEND EMAIL. Or they might give a bad reference, or forget about you.
I respect Dr. Sarkissov a lot. Intellegent man. Hard working man. He is epic. I realized it recently.
1.
SSS Optical Technologies
515 Sparkman Drive Sutie 122 Huntsville Al 35816
256-489-0081
a. Worked from October 2007 to Jan 2008
I organized distributed mail, answered phone.
2. Mathematics Department
258A Shelby Center
Huntsville Alabama 35899
256-824-6470
1. Vsevolod: This is my employment history. It is not perfect. I will see how I can update it.
I put 5 jobs in the resume. 2 Oklahoma Jobs; 3 Alabama Jobs.
Sam: For Alabama Jobs, you must politely send email to Dr. Sarkissov, and Tamara Lang and ask them to give me a decent reference. You MUST SEND EMAIL. Or they might give a bad reference, or forget about you.
I respect Dr. Sarkissov a lot. Intellegent man. Hard working man. He is epic. I realized it recently.
1.
SSS Optical Technologies
515 Sparkman Drive Sutie 122 Huntsville Al 35816
256-489-0081
a. Worked from October 2007 to Jan 2008
I organized distributed mail, answered phone.
2. Mathematics Department
258A Shelby Center
Huntsville Alabama 35899
256-824-6470
Post Exam Rant - Materials to Review- Presented by Vsevolod, Sam
Vsevolod: Sam took the exam
Sam: We need to review the
A. Chemicals
B. Tests for Urine
a. Glucose Tests (specificications)
b. Nitrate Tests (timing procedures specifications)
c. Billirubin Tests (specifications)
Missed few questions on those.
Vsevolod: Did you fail?
Sam: No. I have to leave now. I would report the exam later. We would everything much more organized. Cheers.
Sam: We need to review the
A. Chemicals
B. Tests for Urine
a. Glucose Tests (specificications)
b. Nitrate Tests (timing procedures specifications)
c. Billirubin Tests (specifications)
Missed few questions on those.
Vsevolod: Did you fail?
Sam: No. I have to leave now. I would report the exam later. We would everything much more organized. Cheers.
Exam Notecards - Clinical Science Written by Sam, Assisted By Vsevolod
Sam: Notecards for the exam.... we should type them as the review.
Vsevolod: How the fuck the teacher did not activate the quiz? It should take her 15 min to activate it, (she had since Wednesday) that's like she wanted to teach us a lesson. Albeit, the 'lady' is in total control of the class, she is the superior. And the quiz was the demonstration of her superiority.Ugh. Why she is so primitive? She reminds me of a man in Huntsville who told me: "Do us all a favor and never become a scientist". This ugly phrase still haunts me, Sam.
Sam: Yes... you get neurotic; calm down. Besides, she probably does not like you much. She tolerates you...at best. I remember her hollow look in the face when you asked questions. Remember, we must pass the class, get a job, pay bills. Plus, we are after the useful information regardless of a person who presents it. So calm the fuck down. As, far as the Hutnsville guy, who gives a flying fuck what he said? People say things all the time. Ugly things too. If you get nervous about it you make guys like him win.
Make good grades. Work hard. Survive.
Vsevolod: Yes... sorry. You are absolutely right. The instructor has good, and bad sides. I have a good and a bad sides. You have a good and a bad sides. We learned some of the both. That's absolutely normal.
Vsevolod:
Here we go.
Notecards
Various
1. Melanin: gives urine a skin color
2. Homogenistic acid: metabolite of phenylalanine
3. Glucose Tolerance Test: check glucose and ketones at a varied time (2h - quick check)
4. Glucolysis in urine: degreases the content of glucose in Urine; digests it albeit chemical reaction
5. Decreae in Carbon Dioxide: Urease enzyme Multiply, bacterial multiplication
6. Rapignost: Ascorbic Acid Detection, may affect the chemical reactions due being a chemical reagent
7.Specific Gravity: measures dissolved solutes concentration;
8. Specific Gravity Range: 1.005-1.040
9. Specific Gravity: 1.000 water
10.Specific Gravity: Non Valid Physiologically - 1.040
11. Albumin: low in urine; majority is not filtered; it is a major protein in plasma; Dipstick method is sensitive to albumin
12. Globulin: activates the immune response
13. Controls: substances with a known values
14. Tablet: Valid for Incotest Clinitest
15. Chemical Details of Controls in the lab. Name 3: Purchase time, Daily Performance, Check integrity
16. Reagent Strip Technique 3 characteristics: A well mixed specimen; quckly removed, not interchngeable between manufacturers
17. Proper Testing Technique 3 characteristics: A well mixed specimen mixed into urine at room temperature, Excess should removed. Color should be read at a correct time to avoid cuntamination so never use the original collection.
18. Diabetes (general) Glucose-Insulin Metabolism is not working properly.
19. Diabettus Melittis. in relationship with urine: increases the level of glucose in the blood
20. Diabettus Insipedus: in relationship with urine: lack of Andiuretic Hormone so the fluids build up due an exsessive intake - specific gravity decreases
21. Ionic Solutes: measures our concentrating ability
22. pH ranges for urine: 4.5 - 8 a conventional normal range. Most common: 5-6. High Protein: 5-6 - meat eaters; vegetarians: Urine is Alkaline; Improperly Preserved urine produces ammonium: pH may go to 9 - or a medication with a high alkaline content
23. Clinical Correlation in Urinalysis: 2 components: Kidney Reabsorbption/Secretion; Urinary Tract Infections
24. Oxalates in Urine: Lead to Stones
25. Urinary Tract Infections: albeit the acidic conditions - bacteria do not multiply in acidic conditions
26. Dipstick pH 2 characteristics - double indicator system: Bromothymol Blue -and Methyl Red; Color changes from orange to blue; pH is measured from 5 to 9
27. What is the color in urine means? 4 characteristics - progress of disease; metabolic profile, ingestion of food, physical activity/ stress
28. Normal Color In Urine: yellow - clean may be darker - amber;
Urine Characteristic Colors and a unique component.
29. Darkened Color: due oxidation
30. Brown: disentigrated Red Blood Cells
31. Pink: Porphyrins
31. Cloudy Red: Red Blood Cells - not disintegrated
32. Red: High Hemoglobin Content
33. Green or Blue Urine: bacterial infection; Pseudomonas, Beliverdinv
34. Amber: Hemoglobin breakdown dehydration oxidation of bilirubin dehydration may be normal
35. Porphyrins: Pigments from heme synthesis
Important proteins
36. Urobilin: oxidation of product of urobilinogen
37. Urierythrin: a pink components (physical characteristic) Refrigeration cause a precipitation of amorphous crystals
38. Urochrome: A product that gives urine it's color metabolism is it's product excreted through teh kidneys
39. Pyridium - an orange component of urine
40 A major organic component of urine: Creatinine and uric acid
41. Tamm Horsfall Protein: produced by the kidney tubules
Characteristics of Urine Proteins and More Proteins
42. Proteinuria: too much protein in urine; requires a further testing, increased amount of a low molecular weight proteins; protein is not filtered; more then 30 mg/dl excretion
43. Bence Jones Protein: electrophoresis - dissolves at 100 Degrees Celsius; Precipitates at 40-60 degrees Celsius
44. Renal Proteinuria: renal disease
45.Glomerular proteinuria: glomerular membrane is damaged due an abnormal substances;
46. Tubular Proteinuria: Tubular Reabsorption is damaged, increased albumin is present; a presence of toxic substances, a Falconi Syndrome
47. Microalbinuria: diabetic neuropathy
48.Functional Proteinuria: happens due a strenuous exercize
Protein tests
49. Dipstick: sensitive to albumins only a trace is needed <30 mg/dl protein error of indicators
50. SSA: Alkaline, backup for dipstick, reacts with all proteins, false positive - radiographic dyes; precipitation, centrifugation is important
50. IMMUNODIP: Color Change albumin antibody binding
Urine Reactions:
51. Urine to Ammonia: Increase in pH
52. Iron 3+ : oxidation product of Iron
53. Clarity Decreases: As bacterias multiply albeit chemical rections release of proteins
Storage of Urine
54. Storage rules: protection from light, chemicals, moisture; at room temperature- 2 hours
24 hours: cooler at 3-5 Degrees Celsius. DO NOT FREEZE
Vsevolod: This section may not be on the exam. I did not learn it well. But it might be. So, I include it.
Leukocytes
55. Leukocyte Esterase- inside the white blood cells
56. Trichomonas yeast associated with leukocytes
57. Most common leukocyte - neutrophil
58. Infections which characterize leukocytes: Urinary Tract Infections Kidney Infections;
59. The tests that measures leukocytes: Colored Diazonium Salt produced by an enzyme action. Detects 10-25 WBC/microliter; 2 min wait time; does not measure concentration
60. False Positives of Leukocytes: Oxidizing agents of formalin; vaginal discharge contamination
61. False Negatives: specific gravity increases glucose increases cells crenate
Nitrites:
62. Bacteria: reduce nitrate to nitrite
63. Incubation: 4 hour inbubation of urine in the bladder for reaction to occur
64. Bacterial Infections: Urinary Tract Infections caused by nitrate reducing gram negative bacteria
65. Griess Reaction: diazotization non quantifiable
66. Bladder infections: Cystitis - detected via the Nitrite Test
67. False Positive: pyridium or dye leads to an improper storage of dye
68. False Negative: Not enough nitrate Ascorbic Acid Nitrate reduces to nitrogen
Red Blood Cells
Immune System
69. Immune System function: remove foreign agents, aged, damaged cells
70. Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells: 120 days
71. Hemoglovin 3 parts: Heme: porphyrin globin protein iron: transferrin
Liver Cells Billirubin
72. Beliverdin: converts to water insoluble billirubin; green componentr
73. Direct billirubin - water soluble travels from bile duct to small intestine
74.Normal Billirubin: trace amounts
75. Increased Billirubin: Liver Disease Cirrhosis
Sam: You miss section on tests for Billirubin and the whole Billirubin Metabolism. That's your next section.
Vsevolod: How the fuck the teacher did not activate the quiz? It should take her 15 min to activate it, (she had since Wednesday) that's like she wanted to teach us a lesson. Albeit, the 'lady' is in total control of the class, she is the superior. And the quiz was the demonstration of her superiority.Ugh. Why she is so primitive? She reminds me of a man in Huntsville who told me: "Do us all a favor and never become a scientist". This ugly phrase still haunts me, Sam.
Sam: Yes... you get neurotic; calm down. Besides, she probably does not like you much. She tolerates you...at best. I remember her hollow look in the face when you asked questions. Remember, we must pass the class, get a job, pay bills. Plus, we are after the useful information regardless of a person who presents it. So calm the fuck down. As, far as the Hutnsville guy, who gives a flying fuck what he said? People say things all the time. Ugly things too. If you get nervous about it you make guys like him win.
Make good grades. Work hard. Survive.
Vsevolod: Yes... sorry. You are absolutely right. The instructor has good, and bad sides. I have a good and a bad sides. You have a good and a bad sides. We learned some of the both. That's absolutely normal.
Vsevolod:
Here we go.
Notecards
Various
1. Melanin: gives urine a skin color
2. Homogenistic acid: metabolite of phenylalanine
3. Glucose Tolerance Test: check glucose and ketones at a varied time (2h - quick check)
4. Glucolysis in urine: degreases the content of glucose in Urine; digests it albeit chemical reaction
5. Decreae in Carbon Dioxide: Urease enzyme Multiply, bacterial multiplication
6. Rapignost: Ascorbic Acid Detection, may affect the chemical reactions due being a chemical reagent
7.Specific Gravity: measures dissolved solutes concentration;
8. Specific Gravity Range: 1.005-1.040
9. Specific Gravity: 1.000 water
10.Specific Gravity: Non Valid Physiologically - 1.040
11. Albumin: low in urine; majority is not filtered; it is a major protein in plasma; Dipstick method is sensitive to albumin
12. Globulin: activates the immune response
13. Controls: substances with a known values
14. Tablet: Valid for Incotest Clinitest
15. Chemical Details of Controls in the lab. Name 3: Purchase time, Daily Performance, Check integrity
16. Reagent Strip Technique 3 characteristics: A well mixed specimen; quckly removed, not interchngeable between manufacturers
17. Proper Testing Technique 3 characteristics: A well mixed specimen mixed into urine at room temperature, Excess should removed. Color should be read at a correct time to avoid cuntamination so never use the original collection.
18. Diabetes (general) Glucose-Insulin Metabolism is not working properly.
19. Diabettus Melittis. in relationship with urine: increases the level of glucose in the blood
20. Diabettus Insipedus: in relationship with urine: lack of Andiuretic Hormone so the fluids build up due an exsessive intake - specific gravity decreases
21. Ionic Solutes: measures our concentrating ability
22. pH ranges for urine: 4.5 - 8 a conventional normal range. Most common: 5-6. High Protein: 5-6 - meat eaters; vegetarians: Urine is Alkaline; Improperly Preserved urine produces ammonium: pH may go to 9 - or a medication with a high alkaline content
23. Clinical Correlation in Urinalysis: 2 components: Kidney Reabsorbption/Secretion; Urinary Tract Infections
24. Oxalates in Urine: Lead to Stones
25. Urinary Tract Infections: albeit the acidic conditions - bacteria do not multiply in acidic conditions
26. Dipstick pH 2 characteristics - double indicator system: Bromothymol Blue -and Methyl Red; Color changes from orange to blue; pH is measured from 5 to 9
27. What is the color in urine means? 4 characteristics - progress of disease; metabolic profile, ingestion of food, physical activity/ stress
28. Normal Color In Urine: yellow - clean may be darker - amber;
Urine Characteristic Colors and a unique component.
29. Darkened Color: due oxidation
30. Brown: disentigrated Red Blood Cells
31. Pink: Porphyrins
31. Cloudy Red: Red Blood Cells - not disintegrated
32. Red: High Hemoglobin Content
33. Green or Blue Urine: bacterial infection; Pseudomonas, Beliverdinv
34. Amber: Hemoglobin breakdown dehydration oxidation of bilirubin dehydration may be normal
35. Porphyrins: Pigments from heme synthesis
Important proteins
36. Urobilin: oxidation of product of urobilinogen
37. Urierythrin: a pink components (physical characteristic) Refrigeration cause a precipitation of amorphous crystals
38. Urochrome: A product that gives urine it's color metabolism is it's product excreted through teh kidneys
39. Pyridium - an orange component of urine
40 A major organic component of urine: Creatinine and uric acid
41. Tamm Horsfall Protein: produced by the kidney tubules
Characteristics of Urine Proteins and More Proteins
42. Proteinuria: too much protein in urine; requires a further testing, increased amount of a low molecular weight proteins; protein is not filtered; more then 30 mg/dl excretion
43. Bence Jones Protein: electrophoresis - dissolves at 100 Degrees Celsius; Precipitates at 40-60 degrees Celsius
44. Renal Proteinuria: renal disease
45.Glomerular proteinuria: glomerular membrane is damaged due an abnormal substances;
46. Tubular Proteinuria: Tubular Reabsorption is damaged, increased albumin is present; a presence of toxic substances, a Falconi Syndrome
47. Microalbinuria: diabetic neuropathy
48.Functional Proteinuria: happens due a strenuous exercize
Protein tests
49. Dipstick: sensitive to albumins only a trace is needed <30 mg/dl protein error of indicators
50. SSA: Alkaline, backup for dipstick, reacts with all proteins, false positive - radiographic dyes; precipitation, centrifugation is important
50. IMMUNODIP: Color Change albumin antibody binding
Urine Reactions:
51. Urine to Ammonia: Increase in pH
52. Iron 3+ : oxidation product of Iron
53. Clarity Decreases: As bacterias multiply albeit chemical rections release of proteins
Storage of Urine
54. Storage rules: protection from light, chemicals, moisture; at room temperature- 2 hours
24 hours: cooler at 3-5 Degrees Celsius. DO NOT FREEZE
Vsevolod: This section may not be on the exam. I did not learn it well. But it might be. So, I include it.
Leukocytes
55. Leukocyte Esterase- inside the white blood cells
56. Trichomonas yeast associated with leukocytes
57. Most common leukocyte - neutrophil
58. Infections which characterize leukocytes: Urinary Tract Infections Kidney Infections;
59. The tests that measures leukocytes: Colored Diazonium Salt produced by an enzyme action. Detects 10-25 WBC/microliter; 2 min wait time; does not measure concentration
60. False Positives of Leukocytes: Oxidizing agents of formalin; vaginal discharge contamination
61. False Negatives: specific gravity increases glucose increases cells crenate
Nitrites:
62. Bacteria: reduce nitrate to nitrite
63. Incubation: 4 hour inbubation of urine in the bladder for reaction to occur
64. Bacterial Infections: Urinary Tract Infections caused by nitrate reducing gram negative bacteria
65. Griess Reaction: diazotization non quantifiable
66. Bladder infections: Cystitis - detected via the Nitrite Test
67. False Positive: pyridium or dye leads to an improper storage of dye
68. False Negative: Not enough nitrate Ascorbic Acid Nitrate reduces to nitrogen
Red Blood Cells
Immune System
69. Immune System function: remove foreign agents, aged, damaged cells
70. Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells: 120 days
71. Hemoglovin 3 parts: Heme: porphyrin globin protein iron: transferrin
Liver Cells Billirubin
72. Beliverdin: converts to water insoluble billirubin; green componentr
73. Direct billirubin - water soluble travels from bile duct to small intestine
74.Normal Billirubin: trace amounts
75. Increased Billirubin: Liver Disease Cirrhosis
Sam: You miss section on tests for Billirubin and the whole Billirubin Metabolism. That's your next section.
Sunday, October 9, 2011
Study Session... five men brainstorm the exam notes....
Vsevolod and Kris write the information down: first note cards with the material from the book. Joe prepares to discuss the information. Tony helps Vsevolod. Sam makes comments. Tony is the organizer.
Vsevolod: We need to know the historical facts about the Urine. Textbooks refer to the cavemen who had no sophisticated mechanisms to work with the urine. However, a scientist Fredrick Dekkers discovered albinuria in 1694.
Sam: Should we look details in Wikipedia?
Vsevolod: Probably, for the organizational purposes we should study the exam without the extra information. To avoid being confused; let’s focus on the textbook to get the smooth idea of what’s going on; then go in the power point slides. Afterwards, if something is not clear, we use internet. Remember, the term, the textbook wisdom? I hate this bloody term. We are studying the tools, which are useful in to the world. Plus, I would be a history major, but we need to eat food, and pay bills right…? We are a bunch of statistical weirdo pseudo-intellectual miscreants. God help us.
Tony: Vsevolod, you should stop pseudo philosophizing. That gets you nowhere; you confuse people, and confuse yourself. We should know the name and what is the significance. So, the Fredrick Dekkers discovered albinuria. Thomas Bryant: 1627 – exposed the charlatans. We may imagine what those charlatans did. But we should remember the names right? So, Thomas Bryant, and Fredrick Dekkers are the important medieval people, right? What about the urine composition?
Vsevolod: Urine composition – 95 percent water, 5 percent solutes, variations depending on the metabolism, the physical activity, and even a body position. Organic composition is epic. They include acids: Creatinine, and Uric Acid. Inorganic Acids and Salts are included too: Chlorine, Sodium, and Potassium. An increased amount of formed elements indicate the possibility of the disease. Increased presence of bacteria may cause a disease as well. Also, the terms associated with the amount of urine: Oliguria – decrease in the urine output due the dehydration, the vomiting, and the severe burns. Nocturia – increase in the night urine, Anuria- cessation of urine due a serious damage such as decrease in blood flow, Polyuria species increase in the flow of urine, associated with diabettis mellitus or diabettis insipidus.
Kris: Ok, let’s organize the information. With urine: it has hundreds of elements. The fundamental breakdown is given. Normal urine has a lot of solutes. It is yellow and clear. If it is cloudy it is not normal. Table 3.1 provides a collection of Urine.
Joe: Guys, this shit should become much clear, once we get experience in the lab. Without the lab experience it is not very useful, it is a practical game. I mean, come on.
Sam: Ok
Kris: The instructor may give a situation and ask to determine whether it is Anuria, Nocturia, or Polyuria. So let’s think about it. Numbers are given in the textbook. I would kind of remember them. For example, infants, children and adults would use a different level of urine intake during the oliguria based on age of a human. So, here it goes: infants – <1 ml/kg/hours; children - <0.5 ml/kg/hr adults <400 Diabettis Mellitus ml/day. So, kids pee more…. Dudes, I think the urine decreases during the oliguria, but if one of the questions would include which of the following specifies the oliguria, anuria, of Nocturia we should remember the specific characteristics. So, the Nocturia would cause an 2.5 L/day in adults, 2.5-3 ml/kg/day in children often related to diabetes.
Sam: True. This is not a fucking rocket science so far. Remember, diabetes mellitus, and diabetes insipidus. What is the difference?
Vsevolod: caused by the increase in the glucose concentration. High Specific gravity; pancreatic production of insulin is not working well. So, the glucose concentration goes up. Diabettis Insipidus results from the decrease of antidiuretic hormone; this the water required for adequate body hydration is not reabsorbed from the plasma filtrate. Urine becomes more dilute, specific gravity
Joe: Useful in the lab, if we do not work in the lab… we are sledgehammer ass fucked. Song by the German doom-death metal band Ophis… their 2001 debut. “Silent empty and cold”
Sam: Those guys had a good 2007 album. The Old school doom death metal! Melancholy filled melodies, sardonic lyrics, sleazy guitar work, and nice changes from slow tempo to mid paced tight riffing. “Crawl at their feet To their amusement, sick with disease Their shining golden masks Conceal the putrid faces Disgusting choirs Swarms of flies darken the bleeding sky For they herald the arrival of Heaven Un climbable monolithic towers Effigies of desolation…” I love these Middle Eastern sounding riffs in the middle of the song, very sleazy. Awesome vocalist, you can hear what the dude says… and he growls like he means it. Lyrics scorn the Muslim terrorism. Other good bands: Officium Triste, and The Morningside from Russia. Those Russian guys are very melodic. Officium Triste has an awesome song “Dream of Sorrow”. Excellent melodies with those start stop riff constructs in the middle, elegant melodies… the perfect guitar solo towards the end.
Tony: Joe, stop the vulgar remarks please. Sam, concentrate please, those guys are not a bad German underground metal band, pretty honest music, nice riffs. Let’s be like them, and study hard, just as they worked hard to make a good album in 2007. Russian band The Morningside is epic. Continue, Vsevolod and Kris. Officium Triste are Dutch band, pretty sad keyboard work with down tuned guitar riffs. Metal mixed with Pink Floyd. Ok, let’s concentrate on the studying. Textbook mentions polydipsia? Plus if we succeed we get to practice guitar riffs!
Kris: Epic riffs! With balls!
Vsevolod: Fluid loss may be compensated by increased ingestion of water known as polydipsia. Guys, we are adults…let’s concentrate on the work. Music becomes relevant, once we finish the notes and make a good grade, get a decent employment, and organize our activities, right? But to get there it takes a lot work, right?
Kris: Polydypsia relates to the Diabettis Insipedus - fluid loss compensated by the increased digestion of water. More Urine comes in, urine volume goes up. If the teacher would describe the scenario with the increased fluid volume, it is a Polydypsia. Note, the figure 3.4 gives a breakdown of both types of Diabetes, which is the same as we discussed previously, remember this chart folks…
Tony: Specimen collection and specimen handling….That should be not very difficult. A specimen which contains suspicious stuff should be discarded. Once we get to work in the lab, we will be able to organize requirements better. The textbook provides some basic guidelines. Instructor was ranting about it in class kind of fast…
Sam: She was… but she knows what she is talking about, come on, at least 10 years of lab work experience. Can we kick her ass intellectually theoretically?
Vsevolod: What are the details?
Tony: Let’s see. Kris, the fat Bulgarian Gladiator… Sam, we do not know… let’s stop those false ambitions. They are counterproductive. We should work with the teacher, become partners. What do you want to win, a pie eating contest maybe? Make the top grade in the class, and we are in epic shape.
Kris: Go to hell. Ok… clean dry leak proof containers. The lids should be applied carefully; screw top lids will not leak so easily so they should be applied carefully. The laboratory technician should take time, do not rush…
Joe: The ladies get special wide mouth containers, right?
Kris: Right… name, ID, patient clinical information, possible interfering substances, time the specimen was received, method of collection. Vsevolod got is with highlighter. Errors: unlabeled containers, nonmatching labels, feces, insufficient quantity of the species etc. So far so good; the specimen is handled in a peculiar way. Labs would provide their specialized conditions. Vsevolod, continue…
Vsevolod: Folks, I propose to study a table 3.2. Oxidation leads to a darkened color of urine. Clarity decreases due a multiplication of bacteria. Precipitation of amorphous material occurs. Odor increases, as the bacteria multiply. Urea converts to ammonia, so the pH increases. Urease producing bacteria decrease the level of carbon dioxide. Glycolysis decreases the level of glucose in the urine. Bacterial metabolism decreases the production of ketones in the body. Nitrite increases due a multiplication of nitrate producing bacteria. Alkaline urine disintegrates the red and white blood cells. Folks, are there any problems with those characteristics?
Kris: What would the ideal specimen would be like? What would the preservatives be?
Vsevolod: Tony do you have anything?
Tony: Vsevolod, I let you speak, you Jewish anti bigotry warrior.
Vsevolod: Ok. The most common specimen is the random specimen. So laboratory will receive a random specimen, it may be collected anytime, but the actual time of holding should be recorded in the container. Physical activity and dietary intake may distort the accuracy of the results. Patient will be responsible to collect the results under more controllable conditions; First morning specimen: 8 hour specimen. Patient collects it in the morning, and delivers it to the laboratory within the next 2 hours. Fasting specimen occurs after a period of not eating anything, useful for glucose monitoring. 2 hour post prandial specimen – the patient is instructed to void shortly before consuming a routing meal, collect a specimen 2 hours after eating…useful for insulin therapy. Both, the fasting, and postprandial are compared for the glucose level. Glucose tolerance tests provide an opportunity to test glucose and ketones in the body with a varied time. Institution has an option, whether or not to collect the specimen. Furthermore it evaluates the glucose metabolism. 24 hour specimen has a rather lengthy procedure, which looks kind of abysmal. It is a quantitative test, it must be timed thoroughly. Diural variations change the metabolism during the day. So, the techs monitor the change by using a 24 hour specimen. The specimen is collected using a hollow tube known as the catheter through the urethra into the bladder. If a routine urinalysis is requested, the culture should be performed first to prevent the contamination of a specimen. Bacterial cultures are collected. Midstream clean catch specimen is used to provide a safer less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture, and routine urinalysis. I need to take a short break to digest the whole spectrum of the information down. Well, the table 3.4 provides the basic characteristics of the test.
Kris: I think, we should back up, and review the table. The teacher may give us a situation, and we must describe the best possible test…. The quantitative tests are performed where?
Vsevolod, Sam, Tony, and Joe: Timed specimens
Kris: Routine urinalysis?
Vsevolod: First morning specimen…
Kris: Random specimen would not work to diagnose a Bladder infection… why?
Tony and Vsevolod: This is not an obvious abnormality.
Kris: Why would you think so? Is there a timing problem with 24 hour specimen?
Vsevolod: I would think so. We should answer the questions on the end of the chapter….
The team of five met at OCU library. They were preparing to do a few hour study set. Both trained in gym prior to the study sat. Sam, Vsevolod, and Joe run 9.6 miles while Tony and Kris lifted weights. The team members would spend 10 minutes on a generalized discussion, then the studying. Medical Laboratory exam preparation is in the agenda, followed by the lab preparation procedures. Resumes and careers should be discussed too.
Chapter 2
A fluff discussion… for the first 20 minutes followed by a 3 hour study set; Sam Vsevolod, and Joe write down the notecards for the exam, while Kris, and Tony listens and makes a corrections.
Sam: We covered 9.3 miles in 65 minutes…I run from 8 miles per hour to 10 miles per hour, rotated tempos, last mile fucking 12 miles an hour.
Vsevolod: Good workout, but I am fucking tired, bro
Sam: Rose state college has that thing, when you complete 26.4 miles, and get a shirt. We should do it in 2-3 sets. I am unable to handle a marathon….yet. Joe, what do you think?
Joe: Let’s run 3 sets of 9 mile workouts in 4 days. The big guys, sorry we confused you.
Kris: No problems, we both understand, I just walk 3 miles though. I hate fucking running man. But I can bench 320 pounds 5 times. That’s more than 2 Vsevolods; 2.2 Vsevolods or 2.2 Sams
Sam: Good Lord…
Vsevolod: Good for you Kris, we are both fit, but we train differently; in a real fight we would back each other up well, right?
Joe: I just saw a milf, dark hair, tall, with a low waist to hip ratio, green eyes…amazing curves in super tight jeans… Bless her heart..… Wow, did you see her?
Tony: That was a beautiful and a graceful creature…. Most of them are arrogant elitist as hell though… They receive too much attention from the… hm… male apes.
Vsevolod: Well, I agree with Tony, the personality is so much more important…
Kris and Joe: then her big ass and slender waist?
Vsevolod: Yes, Kris…ok let’s stop the vulgar shenanigans….I think we rested enough…
Tony: We have serious financial issues which need to be taken care of by the end of October…
Vsevolod: Let’s decide about the program… and take one day out of time…
Tony: We must get to work
Kris: The resume should be updated, organized and uploaded, Sam Vsevolod and Joe should write notecards; then we should discuss every bloody notecard we write… Understood?
Everyone: Ok… Compassion and desire to learn unites us… right?
Kris: Epic shit dude… Epic… with balls!
Tony: Guys, you have 2.5 hours to write the notecards based on the material on the book. Information should be organized while keeping in mind the exam. You can listen to music, but not too loud. Listen to In Mourning, their 2009 album “Monolith”. Swedish progressive metal band; rotate with motivational audio, “Attitude activator by Rex Sikes”
Sam: Awesome album, they mix atmospheric Katatonia like melodies, (The Cold Red Distance) with lots of tempo changes, and death metal influences from bands like Amon Amarth, I even heard the Morbid Angel like riffs here and there. And Insomnium too (acoustic breaks); they have 3 guitarists, so a very dense guitar melodies. One guitarist plays a brutal groove riff, while the second and third nail the psychedelic melodies with those elegant changes…epic drummer…”Pale Eye Revelation” has this closing bloody riff…with so much balls, and those fantastic melodies grab you by the… Metal on, I love this fucking music so much.
Tony: A very good band from Sweden, a lot of good Swedish bands. They do not suck at making music. Swedes In Mourning are a nice band. Their front man resurrected October Tide, the band who made two good albums in 1996, and 1998 and then quit. They had musicians from Katatonia. In Mourning and October Tide are awesome bands: The Melodic Extreme European Metal – Swedish school. I would put Finnish Band Insomnium as the Swedish school musicians; their music is strongly influenced by Early Swedish Metal Bands; the riffs are very elegant yet based on those harsh down tuned guitars, catchy, simple melodies layered a lot…the antidote to the abysmal American Mainstream Hip Hop trash. Let’s study, guys we took a good 30 min break…
Vsevolod: Calm down, will you Brother Sam? You get like counterproductive… relax clear your mind, and use music as a spiritual force…You are not a teeny bopper right, a 20 something adult, fucking hell Sam? Tony is right… let’s study hard, like those guys rock hard, right?
Kris: Calm down, let’s study…
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